Njengesixhobo esikhethekileyo samandulo kunye nenkqubo kubuchwephesha bamandulo baseTshayina, iglasi yakudala yaseTshayina inembali kunye nelifa lenkcubeko elingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000.
Imvelaphi yeglasi enemibala ayizange ibe yinto efanayo, kwaye akukho ndlela yokuyivavanya.Kuphela libali elide elide elithi "iinyembezi zikaXi Shi" eliye ladluliselwa phantsi ukurekhoda ixesha lothando olungunaphakade.
Ngokutsho kwentsomi, ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kunye nexesha lasekwindla, uFan Li wenza ikrele lokumkani kuGou Jian, ukumkani osanda kungena ezihlangwini zikaYue.Kwathatha iminyaka emithathu ukuyilungisa.Xa uWang Jian wazalwa, uFan Li wafumana into engumgubo wemilingo kubumba lwekrele.Xa yayixutywe nekristale, yayicwengile kodwa yayinesandi sentsimbi.Umlandeli uLi ukholelwa ukuba le nto ihlanjululwe ngomlilo, kwaye i-Yin kunye ne-softness ye-crystal ifihliwe kuyo.Inomoya we-hegemonic wekrele lokumkani kunye nemvakalelo ethambileyo yamanzi, eyona nto ifikeleleke ngokudala i-yin kunye neYang ezulwini nasemhlabeni.Ke ngoko, olu hlobo lwento lwalubizwa ngokuba yi "Kendo" kwaye lwaziswa kukumkani waseYue kunye nekrele loKumkani elibunjiweyo.
Ukumkani waseYue walixabisa igalelo likaFan Li ekwenzeni ikrele, wamkela ikrele lokumkani, kodwa wabuyisela i-original "Kendo" waza wabiza le nto yomlingo "Li" egameni lakhe.
Ngelo xesha, uFan Li wayesandul’ ukudibana noXi Shi kwaye wayechukumisekile bubuhle bakhe.Wayecinga ukuba izinto eziqhelekileyo ezifana negolide, isilivere, i-jade kunye ne-jade ayinakuhambelana ne-Xi Shi.Ke ngoko, wandwendwela iingcibi ezinobuchule kwaye wenza i-"Li" ebizwa ngegama lakhe ibe yintsimbi entle kwaye wayinika uXi Shi njengophawu lothando.
Ngokungalindelekanga, kwaphinda kwaqhambuka imfazwe kulo nyaka.Ukuva ukuba uFu Chai, ukumkani waseWu, wayeqeqesha umkhosi wakhe imini nobusuku, ngenjongo yokuhlasela ilizwe laseYue ukuze aphindezele uyise, uGou Jian wagqiba ekubeni abethe kuqala.Isiyalo esikrakra sikaFan Li asiphumelelanga.Ilizwe laseYue loyiswa ekugqibeleni kwaye laphantse loyiswa.U-Xi Shi wanyanzelwa ukuba aye kwilizwe laseWu ukuze enze uxolo.Ngexesha lokuhlukana, u-Xi Shi wabuyisela "uLi" kuFan Li.Kuthiwa iinyembezi zikaXi Shi zawela kwi "Li" kwaye zashukumisa umhlaba, ilanga nenyanga.Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, sisazibona iinyembezi zikaXi Shi ziphuma kuyo.Izizukulwana ezilandelayo ziyibiza ngokuthi "Liu Li".Iglasi yanamhlanje enemibala yavela kweli gama.
Ngowe-1965, kwavunjululwa ikrele elintsonkothileyo lamandulo, eliye lahlala kangangamawaka eminyaka kodwa libukhali njengangaphambili, kwingcwaba eliNombolo loku-1 laseJiangling, kwiPhondo laseHubei.Igridi yekrele ifakwe ngamaqhekeza amabini eglasi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Iimpawu zokutywinwa kweentaka emzimbeni wekrele zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba "uGou Jian, ukumkani waseYue, ikrele elizibambayo".Iglasi enemibala ehonjiswe kwikrele likaGou Jian, ukumkani waseYue, yeyona mveliso yeglasi enemibala efunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ngokuzenzekelayo, kwi "Fu Chai ikrele, ukumkani waseWu" efunyenwe kwiNqila yaseHuixian, kwiPhondo laseHenan, iiglasi ezintathu ezinemibala engenambala kunye ne-transparent zafakwa kwifreyimu.
Abaphathi ababini bexesha lasentwasahlobo nelasekwindla, ababebhijelwe ubomi babo bonke, balawula ihlabathi ngeempumelelo zabo ezibalaseleyo."Ikrele lokumkani" alikho nje uphawu lwewonga kunye newonga, kodwa likwajongwa ngabo njengento exabisekileyo njengobomi.Aba kumkani babini basentsomini ngempazamo bathatha iglasi enemibala njengokuphela komhombiso kumakrele abo, eyongeza iimfihlakalo ezimbalwa kwintsomi malunga nemvelaphi yeglasi enemibala yesiFrentshi yakudala.
Asinakuqinisekisa imvelaphi ye-glaze yaseTshayina yakudala.Zininzi kuphela iintsomi zabantu okanye iintsomi phambi kwentsomi yeenyembezi zikaXi Shi.Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa nentsomi yemvelaphi yeglasi yaseNtshona, intsomi kaFan Li ephosa ikrele kunye nokuyila iglasi enemibala inothando ngakumbi kwinkcubeko yamaTshayina.
Kuthiwa iglasi yaqanjwa ngamaFenike (Lebhanon).Kwiminyaka engama-3000 eyadlulayo, iqela loomatiloshe baseFenike ababethutha isoda yendalo babasa umlilo kunxweme lolwandle lweMeditera.Basebenzisa iibhloko ezinkulu zesoda ukuthomalalisa iinyawo zabo baze babeke imbiza enkulu.Emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, abantu bafumana into efana nomkhenkce emalahleni omlilo.Emva kokuxuba i-silica, inxalenye ephambili yesanti, kunye ne-sodium carbonate, inxalenye ephambili yesoda, yancibilika kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kwaye ibe yiglasi ye-sodium.
Omnye wathi iglasi yavela kwiYiputa yamandulo yaza yafunyanwa lichule elichubekileyo nelilumkileyo lechule leengqayi zodongwe xa lidubula izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe.
Ngapha koko, sakuba sizihlalutye ngokwembono yezemfundo, ezi ntsomi zikhawuleza ziphulukane nesiseko sazo sobukho.
Indawo yokuncibilika kwe-silica malunga ne-1700 degrees, kwaye i-melting point ye-sodium glass eyenziwe nge-sodium njengoko i-flux nayo i-1450 degrees.Nokuba kusetyenziswa amalahle akumgangatho ophezulu wale mihla, ubushushu obuphezulu kwiziko eliqhelekileyo bumalunga nama-600 degrees kuphela, singasathethi ke ngebhonfire kwiminyaka engama-3000 eyadlulayo.Ngokumalunga nobushushu, kuphela ithiyori yamandulo yobumba baseYiputa inokwenzeka kancinci.
Xa kuthelekiswa neentsomi zaseMpuma nasentshona, nangona "ithiyori yokuphosa ikrele" ineentsomi ezikhethekileyo zaseTshayina kunye nemibala yothando, isenokuthembeka okuphezulu kwimibono yenyama neyekhemikhali.Singabuhoya ubunyani beenkcukacha zentsomi, kodwa owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwemvelaphi yeglasi yaseTshayina yakudala yaseFransi kunye neglasi yaseNtshona ifanele ingqwalasela yethu ephezulu.
Ngokohlalutyo lokubunjwa kweekhemikhali zeglasi evunjululweyo, i-flux ephambili yeglasi yaseTshayina yi "lead kunye ne-barium" (esondele kakhulu kwikristale yendalo), ngelixa iglasi yamandulo yaseNtshona iqulunqwe ikakhulu "i-sodium kunye ne-calcium" ( ngokufanayo neefestile zeglasi kunye neeglasi ezisetyenziswa namhlanje).Kwifomula yeglasi yaseNtshona, "i-barium" phantse ayibonakali, kwaye kunjalo nokusetyenziswa kwe "lead".Iglasi yokwenyani enelothe eNtshona ayizange isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kude kube yinkulungwane ye-18, engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000 emva kobugcisa beglasi bakudala baseTshayina.
Siyazi ukuba iqondo lobushushu elifunekayo ekuphoseni iimpahla zethusi liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye akukho ngxaki nge "silicon dioxide", eyona nxalenye iphambili yeglasi enyibilikayo.Okwesibini, i-formula ye-bronze ware idinga ukongeza ilothe (galena) kunye ne-tin kubhedu.I-Barium yi-symbiosis ye-lead yakudala (galena) kwaye ayinakuhlukaniswa, ngoko ke ukuhlalisana kwelothe kunye ne-barium kwiglasi yakudala ayinakuphepheka.Ukongeza, ukungunda kwesanti okwakusetyenziselwa ukugalela amakrele kumaxesha amandulo kwakuqulathe isixa esikhulu sesilica, eyayisenza izinto zeglasi.Ubushushu.Xa iimeko zokuguquguquka zifezekisiwe, yonke enye into iya kulandela ngokwendalo.
Kwiimonographs ezininzi zaseTshayina, kukhankanywa ukuba iglasi enemibala yenziwa ngokuxuba umama onobuchule kunye nelitye leglasi elinemibala.
Ngokutsho kwentetho yeshishini likaQian Weishan, abo banqula i-Chen's Treasury yimpahla yookhokho babo ... Ukuba unina weglasi enemibala yimali namhlanje, iya kuba nkulu kwaye ibe yincinci njengenqindi labantwana.Ikwabizwa ngokuba yinto yokwenyani yeTempile.Nangona kunjalo, inokwenziwa kwimilo ye-Ke Zi, enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, omthubi nomhlophe olandela umbala, kodwa ayinakwenziwa ngokwayo.
I-Tiangong Kaiwu - iPearl kunye nejade: zonke iintlobo zamatye akhazimlayo kunye neekristale zaseTshayina.Hlangisa isixeko ngomlilo.Zizohlobo olufanayo ... Yonke imibala emihlanu yamatye azo.Le ndalo yezulu nomhlaba ifihliwe kumhlaba olula.Ilitye elikhazimlisiweyo lendalo liya linqaba ngakumbi, ngakumbi ixabiso.
Irekhodi yetekhnoloji "yokuthatha loo crystal kwaye uyibuyisele kuluhlaza" kwiirekhodi ze-Yan Shan ezixubileyo - iglasi enemibala ikwabonisa ngakumbi ukuqhubeka kolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe.
Xa sijonga kwizinto ezivunjululweyo zenkcubeko yanamhlanje, ixesha apho iglasi ekhanyayo yavela eNtshona yayimalunga nama-200 BC, phantse iminyaka engama-300 kamva kunexesha lokuvela kweglasi yakudala yaseTshayina, kwaye ixesha apho kwavela iglasi ekhanyayo malunga ne-1500 AD, ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-1000. emva kwexesha leglasi yeWu Lord ngexesha loBukumkani obuThathu obubhalwe kuncwadi.Ixesha apho iikristale ezenziweyo (ezifana namacandelo eglasi) zavela eNtshona malunga nokuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2000 emva kokubonakala kweglasi yakudala yaseTshayina.
Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, imeko yenyama yempahla yamandulo yaseTshayina ekhazimlisiweyo enembali ende kufuneka ichazwe njengemeko yekristale ecacileyo (okanye eguquguqukayo).Ngokwembono yezinto ezivunjululweyo zenkcubeko, eyona mpahla yakuqala ikhazimle yavunjululwa namhlanje iseyi-"Gou Jian ikrele lokumkani waseYue".Ngokwezinto eziphathekayo, iglasi enemibala yinto yamandulo kunye nenkqubo ehluke ngokupheleleyo kwi-crystal kunye neglasi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-03-2019